Summary of answer Types substitute Addition/Elimination Oxidation/ simplification Hydrolysis/ concretion Hydrocarbons alkanes/cycloalkanes alkenes alkynes aromatics Alcohols/Amines Ketones/Aldehydes Carboxylic Acids/Esters and Amides Polymers polyethylenes polyesters polypeptides
Summary of Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry
Substitution in which one functional group is replaced by another
- veritable(prenominal) of alkanes, alkyl halides and benzenes
R-H R-X
+ + +
X2 OH-
R-X R-OH
+ +
R
HX X
R-X
AlX3
Addition/Elimination in which a minor(ip) molecule (typically X2, HX or H-OH) is added/eliminated
- alkenes undergo Addition - some alkyl halides and alcohols undergo Elimination
H X
+
H X
HX
strong base
+
HX
Oxidation/ decrement in which the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen is increase/ fall. Also, reactions in which the number of bonds between carbon and hydrogen is decreased/increased.
alcohols, ketones/aldehydes and carboxylic acids can be interchanged by Oxidation/Reduction reactions
-
- alkanes, alkenes and alkynes can be interchanged by Oxidation/Reduction reactions
O R-CH2-OH O [H] R-C-OH [O] R-C-H O [H] R-C-H R-CH2-OH [O] R-C-OH O
H H H H
[O]
H
H
[O]
[H]
H
H
[H]
H H H H
NOTE: [O] = oxidizing agent; [H] = reducing agent
Hydrolysis/ muscle contraction in which the addition of H2O results in the bond partition or in which bond formation results in the elimination of H2O
- typical of ester and amide breakdown/formation
O O O R O
R
+
H2O
R
O
OH
+
R-OH
R
NH-R
+
H2O
R
OH
+
R-NH2
O
O OH
R
O
+
R-OH
R
O
O-R
+
H2O
R
OH
+
R-NH2
R
NH-R
+
H2O
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
CnH2n+2 CnH2n
chains/rings with tetrahedral (sp3 hybridized) carbons
109.5o
=
free rotation nearly single bonds
(saturated with...If you want to get a full essay, outrank it on our website: Orderessay
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